SanDisk Extreme 1TB Portable NVMe SSD, USB-C, up to 1050MB/s
SanDisk 1TB Extreme Portable SSD external drive, up to 1050 MB/s, read, 1,000MB/s write, external SSD, USB-C, solid state drive, IP65 rated for dust and water resistance, Black
Powerful yet Portable
Get fast NVMe solid state performance with up to 1050MB/s read and 1000MB/s write speeds(1) in a portable, high-capacity drive that’s perfect for creating amazing content or capturing incredible footage.
Extreme PRO SD UHS-I Card
Read Speeds(1)
Up to 1050MB/s
Read Speeds(1)
Up to 2000MB/s read
Read Speeds(1)
Up to 200MB/s(64GB-1TB)
Write Speeds(1)
Up to 1000MB/s
Write Speeds(1)
Up to 2000MB/s
Write Speeds(1)
Up to 140MB/s(256GB-1TB)
Durability
Up to three-meter drop protection and IP65 water and dust resistance(4)
Durability
Up to three-meter drop protection and IP65 water and dust resistance(4)
Durability
Temperature-proof, waterproof, shockproof, and X-ray proof(7)
Security
Included password protection featuring 256‐bit AES hardware encryption.(3)
Security
Included password protection featuring 256‐bit AES hardware encryption.(3)
Security
Includes a 2-year offer for RescuePRO Deluxe file recovery software(8)
File Management
Easily manage files and free up space with the SanDisk Memory Zone app.(5)
File Management
Easily manage files and free up space with the SanDisk Memory Zone app.(5)
Video Quality
4K UHD video(9)
Legal Disclaimers
(1) Based on stated speeds and internal testing; performance may be lower depending on host device, interface, usage conditions and other factors. 1MB=1,000,000 bytes. (2) See official SanDisk web site.(3) Password protection uses 256-bit AES encryption and is supported by Windows 8, Windows 10 and macOS v10.9+. (Software download required for Mac, see official SanDisk web site.) (4)Product requalified for stated specifications. Based on internal testing. IPEC 60529 IP 55 & IPEC 60529 IP 65: Tested to withstand water flow (30 kPa) at 3 min.; limited dust contact does not interfere with operation. Must be clean and dry before use. (5) Download and installation required; See official SanDisk website for Memory Zone details. (6) 1GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes, 1TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Actual user capacity less. (7) Card only. See product packaging or official SanDisk website for additional information and limitations. (8) Registration required; Terms and conditions apply. (9) 4K UHD (3840 x 2160) video support may vary based upon host device, file attributes, and other factors. See official SanDisk website.
SanDisk, the SanDisk logo, Memory Zone, RescuePRO, SanDisk Extreme and Extreme PRO are registered marks or marks of Western Digital Corporation or its affiliates in the US and/or other countries. Google Play is a mark of Google LLC. The NVMe mark is a registered mark of NVM Express, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. Product specifications subject to change without notice.
2023 Western Digital Corporation or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Western Digital Technologies, Inc. is the seller of record and licensee in the Americas of SanDisk products.
| Weight: | 49.9 g |
| Dimensions: | 0.97 x 5.26 x 10.08 cm; 49.9 g |
| Brand: | SanDisk |
| Model: | SDSSDE61-1T00-G25 |
| Colour: | Black Extreme |
| Batteries Included: | No |
| Manufacture: | SanDisk |
| Dimensions: | 0.97 x 5.26 x 10.08 cm; 49.9 g |
The SanDisk 2TB Extreme Portable SSD is a powerhouse for anyone needing reliable external storage. With lightning-fast speeds of up to 1050 MB/s for reading and 1000 MB/s for writing, it makes transferring large files a breeze. The IP65 rating ensures it’s protected from dust and water, making it perfect for outdoor use. Plus, its compact and sleek design makes it easy to carry wherever you go!
Good storage for its size and use.
Functions as intended and mainly use for extended storage for my series S but i think this is also good for cameras/video storage.
Very easy to use plug and play and format depending on your device requirements.
Zero noise and very light with its standard warranty from manufacturer.
Overall happy with the purchase.
I also use a Samung T5 and T7 SSD storage as back-up drives and needed some extra fast external storage. The Sandisk Extreme Portable gets good reviews overall. Both devices are small and very fast in terms of transfer speeds. When I looked on Amazon to buy another storage SSD there was a good discount on the Sandisk Extreme Portable 2TB so I decided to purchase it over the T7. I’ve given it 4 stars as I always use the password/encrypt feature of these drives to keep my data safe and I just find the Sandisk Unlocker software less easy to use than Samungs equivalent. When I connect the drive it is detected straightaway by windows but the Sandisk Drive Unlocker is slow to detect the drive and unlock. The unlocker .exe was also being blocked by windows, which I have now allowed through Controlled Access. Maybe it’s just my laptop but If it worked as good as the Samsung software does it would be 5 star.
Bought to plug into my car to record from the in-built dash cam. Everything you would expect from a top brand in storage solutions. Small and compact and does the job perfectly.
Great storage, effortlessly plugs into my iPad, Windows PC and iPhone. Sharing data has never been easier!! Now I can transfer my files at high speed and access them from any device I want.
Big like
My only slight area of unease is that it is noticeably warm to the touch at all times, so are hoping this is not a cause for concern later on down the line. SanDisk is part of Western Digital and the drive comes with a 3yr warranty.
At the current price of just under 600 it is a considered purchase but can recommend for its capacity, technology and form factor.
1. Light weight
2. No additional power supply needed
3. Robust build
The not so great feature: write speed.
I have a high end spec PC. USB 3.0 socket at the front. The SanDisk SSD USB 3.0 external storage drive was a lot slower compared to my existing Toshiba HDD conventional external device (5400rpm) with USB 2.0 cable! Screenshots attached.
How does that make any sense??
Update: 6.3.24
The very slow speed happens when initially copying a large quantity of files. Once Windows has checked which files are the same name etc, writing speed picks up to approx. 60MB/s.
So its better than the old Toshiba drive I have, but still, I expected speeds to be much faster.
The speed – it’s like lightning! Whether I’m dumping my photos, shuffling around my massive video files, or just backing up my life, this SSD keeps up without breaking a sweat. And with USB-C action, it’s just plug and play, no waiting around.
The 2TB space is a game-changer. I can hoard all my stuff in one place without playing the ‘which files do I delete today’ game. Plus, it’s got this encryption thingy that makes me feel like a spy knowing my stuff is safe from prying eyes.
Long story short, if you’re tired of waiting on slow transfers or running out of space, this SanDisk SSD is the way to go. It’s like giving your data storage a turbo boost and a suit of armour all in one
UPDATE: 1 month into ownership, I’m still very happy with the drive. However, it’s randomly started to disconnect from my computer. I have a 1TB version of the exact same drive (that I use in a far more intense manner) plugged in right next to it for hours–this 4TB drive I only use for Time Machine backups. As the Romans said: caveat emptor!
This little solid-state NVMe drive just blew me away once I plugged it in and started putting things on it. I honestly never even considered that a simple hard drive would be able to do that!
This device is the data-heavy user-on-the-go’s ultimate dream. No more do I have to lug around a laptop or find clunky (and difficult to use) cloud storage solutions when I want to travel with a big amount of data (think CLI and IDE cached files). Connecting to this is a breeze, and it’s been simple to format them with all of the MacOS Sonoma’s available file systems (albeit I’ve only tried with the various APFS versions).
Data transfer speeds are next level, compared to my brand new (but old tech) spinning disk HDDs. I actually initially bought a 1TB drive, then immediately (same day) bought the 4TB version after using it for only a few minutes. I was able to back up my entire laptop using Time Machine and used space of ~1.3 TB (i.e. first-time backup) in less time than it took me to make and eat lunch. I wish I had timed it. Alternatively, my now-secondary Time Machine spinning disk HDD is still plugging away at an interval snapshot update nearly 2 hours after plugging it in.
Honestly, I might never go back to spinning disks again. This thing fits in your pocket or book bag or wherever! The one drawback is that I’ve accidentally misplaced it a couple of times already just because it’s so dang small.
Very fast read/write, small and light enough to carry around, no moving parts to be careful with, black but with a little bit of orange, so I’m less likely to lose it somewhere. I like it a lot.
Lightning fast transfer speeds in a slim, convenient form factor. Surface finish is a slightly soft, rubbery texture that hides small scuffs and scratches. Use for recording footage on Blackmagic 6K Pro and they work very well.
If you lose the USB-C cable provided, ensure to buy a ‘data’ cable replacement (not to be confused with a regular USB-C power cable as your transfer speeds will suffer.
It’s a nice lightweight SSD and pretty rugged and waterproof
Smaller and lighter than i expected which is a plus. Fits in your trouser pocket easily and is a great memory size to store whatever you need.
Cable is a but small for dangling of edge of iPad when watching films but since the SSD is so light, theres no strain on the socke
I’ve been a loyal customer of SanDisk for quite some time now, and the SanDisk Extreme 2TB portable NVMe SSD continues to impress me with its exceptional performance and reliability. This is actually my third purchase of this fantastic device, and I felt compelled to share my positive experience.
First and foremost, the speed of this SSD is simply mind-blowing. With read speeds of up to 1050MB/s and write speeds of 1000MB/s, it’s like having a turbocharger for my data transfers. Whether I’m transferring large video files or working on intensive photo editing tasks in Lightroom, this SSD handles everything with ease. It significantly reduces the time I spend waiting for files to load or transfer, making my workflow smoother and more efficient.
The durability of this SSD is another standout feature. Its water and dust-resistant design give me peace of mind when I’m on the go. I can confidently take it with me on outdoor shoots or in less-than-ideal conditions without worrying about data loss. SanDisk has truly built a device that can withstand the rigors of real-world use.
Moreover, the sleek black design of this SSD is not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional. It’s compact and lightweight, making it easy to carry in my bag or pocket. The USB-C connectivity ensures fast and hassle-free connections with my various devices.
What I appreciate most about the SanDisk Extreme 2TB portable NVMe SSD is its excellent value for money. SanDisk consistently delivers top-notch performance and durability at a price that won’t break the bank. In fact, I’ve made it a yearly tradition to upgrade to a new one because the improvements are always worth it.
First the good points.
It actually lives up to all that SanDisk claims of it. It is super fast. So far it has been very reliable. It is much smaller than I was expecting, but that is a good thing it isn’t a bulky normal-sized SSD, this makes it so very easy to carry with you, It ALMOST fits in my wallet. It is also USB C, rather than the traditional SSD weird USB, making it much more compatible I use it it on my iMac, MacBook, Windows 11 and my Linux server with absolute ease. I love it.
HOWEVER: It has one major flaw, it has no activity light, so it is very difficult to tell if you have plugged in properly and, much more importantly, when it has actually been fully ejected. If SanDisk ever does another version of this I hope they include an activity light (and make it small enough to fit in my wallet); then it will be perfect. Despite this, I recommend this SSD
If you’re going to use one of these as I did, to make an image of your laptop disk for protection against losing your system and all the contents, then you want to have something totally reliable to store it on.
I doubt you’ll find much better than this, so its worth every penny. There’s also a nice little case available to keep it in!
Product – tiny lovely and wonderful gadget. A bit manipulated by the advertising speed tho…. it gets to around 80mb when I copy the data over….
Grate delivery time , grate value for money .
Very fast and ssd. I truly recommend it !
Seems good enough. Goes by work on an older 2014 iMac with the supplied USBC and adapter. Just doesn’t appear. Had to use a different cable and even then, it disconnects after about 10 minutes. Not sure why but works ok on a newer MB Pro. Maybe not for you if you need it to back up an older machine
Really like the drive. Loads of space. Light. Easy to transport. Can’t fault it yet! Been using for about a month now. Thanks!
Don’t be tempted to buy low quality cheaper drives, you’ll regret it. This has a high build quality and won’t let you down.
connection lead on the short side.Bought for photo storage.
great storage alot small than expected use to save stuff from my tablet and phone to back up.
it come with nice adapter usb to usb c the main cable is usb c to c
Size matters guys!!!
This is so small and lightweight that when I put it on my keyring I didn’t even notice. I don’t use the cable that came with it as it is too small and pointless. I carry a full length cable in a pocket and use that.
It is only 1 tb, a little under that on the computer but that is enough for me.. Like I said fully functional, small but big enough for most peoples needs.
The play speeds are not much different from my computer and I have a good gaming computer. Fast dl and ul.
Would buy this again… yes I would!!!
This is the second one I have bought having bought the 512GB version to use as a Time Machine backup for my old MacBook pro. So robust you can carry it with you to do backups on the fly. Now i have a mac mini with a bigger disk i needed a bigger external disk to back up so this seemed like such a good choice as a robust external drive. My previous one is still going strong years later and I expect the same from this one. Easily gets peak 1Gb/s speeds and bounces when you drop it. Recommended.
Bought this to add much needed storage to my m2 Mac mini. Does the job perfectly, lightroom, photoshop and Apple photos together with the lightroom library all transferred to the san disc with no noticeable loss of speed in loading and editing photos.
Purchased this Sandisck to replace a LaCie device which has failed. Used it for “Time Machine” backups.
Excellent delivery time by Amazon, although the package was damaged by delivery person forcing through letter box!
Very light weight device which surprised me. It is almost a USB storage stick on steroids.
However, hooking into my 2021 I-Mac (M1 chip – Ventura 13.2.1) system reported that deice not supported.
Not what I expected. No doubt there may be a work around, but I have chosen to return and have re-purchased a Samsung T7 SSD. Hope that fares better.
A bit of misunderstanding when I set it up but after it went very good.. quality/price ratio is brilliant.
Make sure that you know what capacity and which Samsung SSD product you wish to buy. The Company have a range of similarly looking SSD’s but the capacity/speed/label/price is confusing to say the least. It took me quite some time to define the one that best suited my needs. I wanted a lightweight but robust SSD that is powered from a USB connection to my laptop and I am satisfied that this meets my requirements.
I use this with my macbook, it’s extremely compact (much smaller than I imagined) and lightweight but still feels quite rugged. File transfers are fast, no issues with it at all.
This portable hard drive is really practical and works well.
I loaded over 400GB of large (20GB) files in about 30 minutes onto this device with no problems. CrystalDisk reported a score of 450MB/s read/write data rates which seems good to me. Really good to have.
The size of this surprised me. It’s smaller than my iPhone XS and lighter then every external I’ve purchased before. The box comes with a usb adapter so you don’t have to worry about not having a USB slot.
The size of the system annoyed me a little because the capacity it comes with is 3.63TB I was expecting closer to 4T, maybe not exact but close enough to it.
The cable it comes with is incredibly short so if you need it to reach a distance that’s longer than your finger, I’d buy a separate longer cable.
Need to format the SSD first so that the cluster allocation unit can be minimized.
That’s the best drive to save my files and work with. Besides this, it’s small and easy to carry.
Admittedly the size for the 1tb SSD drive was really smaller than anticipated, in a good way.
Everything about it is great, size physically and storage-wise, being able to transfer and backup everything I have on an old laptop.
NOTE: One thing though, it will ONLY transfer as fast as the system it’s transferring DATA from.
Have been editing 4k videos via Adobe Premiere and After Effects both on my desktop (via USB 3.0) and from my laptop (USBC), cannot fault it at all in these past 6 months, working well with minimal to no lag at all.
Very good product, great quality, easy to carry with you
Very portable and really fast read and write speeds. Yea you can probably get cheaper however I’m really happy with it. Feels well made and like it would take a few bumps (wouldn’t go throwing it down the stairs though..)
A bit on the pricey side but being a photographer and videographer I needed a hard drive with fast read and write speeds to work efficient. This gives out the speeds it says on the box and I can’t fault this at all
100% perfect, does all that it says on the product, even better.
Fast, secure and portable. Easy to set up. Keep your passwords safe.
I wanted a fast usb drive to run linux from. So speed was highest prioriy. This is perfect very fast also lots of storage. Allows the computer to boot fast over usb 3. Perfect for what I wanted. Only concern is as it is being used with usb-c connector. Not quite as robust as the old usb-a connectors. But thats not an issue with the drive.
Also great for running games from.
The speeds are also possible to achieve if transferring a file to or from the drive that is around 12GB or smaller. Once the buffer is gone drive speeds for write are around 250MB/s and read around 400MB/s.
I had to try 6 different usb C to C and C to A cables to find one that worked at 520MB/s and 4 of them were just USB2.0!
5/5
The drive itself is small (100 x 50 x 8 mm), lightweight, highly portable but has a feeling of quality about it. I have to say that the whole process was trouble free and dare I say easy to complete. I am really pleased with this purchase.
Edit – If you want to format the drive for Mac using APFS OR Mac OS Extended simply plug the drive in to your computer and select Disk Utility. Click erase and the format you require and you’re done.
The replacement arrived and I started playing around with it.
It came formatted with ExFAT, as well, so be aware, if your device doesn’t support ExFAT, you just need to format it to something that can read it.
I got speeds faster than advertised, 1086MBps read (vs 1050MBps advertised) and 1038MBps write (vs 1000MBps advertised).
There was 1.81TiB of usable space on the 2TB version I purchased, which is absolutely expected and not false advertising as some of the comments suggest. (A quick note to those people, a TB is not the same as a TiB. The 2TB version is 2TB, which is ~1.81TiB, what it shows in the OS, albeit falsely labeled in Windows).
The leaflet suggests I can update the firmware on it, and should do that when I get it, however I am unable to find anything on the website about this and I assume it should be fine. It says it has hardware encryption capabilities, which uses the software provided but I never trust that stuff. I just formatted it to EXT4 in Linux (My OS of choice) and used Veracrypt, which you can use in Windows (and MacOS, I think), to encrypt my drive with FDE (Full Disk Encryption).
The drive is extremely responsive and I was able to fill it up with my files, and was able to read them all afterwards. It should be noted that whilst the first one got hot during operations, the second one seemed to run quite cool. I’m not sure why this is and I’m not going to complain either.
It seems to be quite solidly built and I do recommend it if you want to store lots of things, but it may be more expensive than a hard drive or the equivalent in M.2/NVMe. I got mine during Prime Day so it was quite cheap.
All in all I highly recommend it. It’s a solid drive and time will tell if it’s reliable. I will update this after a year or so.
DRAWBACKS:
1. Transfer is MUCH slower than expected, regardless of temperature. Using the front USB3 port of my Windows 10 i7 PC, which has a very fast NVMe ‘C’ drive, it takes a disappointing 8 seconds to copy an album to/from the Sandisk compared with 5 seconds to/from my portable USB3 Transcend HDD. It only takes 11 seconds to/from a very old USB2 Buffalo HDD.
It would probably transfer faster via a rear USB port but I don’t understand why the Sandisk SSD is that slow compared with the Transcend. It is a bit tedious making large transfers, taking a whopping 60% longer than the Transcend HDD that I HAD hoped it would replace.
Copying to/from USB ‘C’ on my i5 Surface-Pro is a bit quicker BUT it takes a few seconds saying, ‘Preparing to transfer’ so a single album transfer is even slower.
2. It is so small that it is very easy to forget where I left it 😉
ADVANTAGES:
1. Small & easily pocketable – about the size of a Weetabix but half the thickness.
2. Robust – I think.
3. Fast enough – for most purposes.
4. Light – 58g.
A qualified recommendation!
UPDATE:
I have now found that transfer speed is MUCH faster if you use the very short cable that is provided with the device. Unfortunately it is difficult to use that with my set-up.
I still don’t know why the Transcend HDD is so much faster than the Sandisk SSD with a 1 metre, high quality cable. What is so special about the very short Sandisk cable?
What it does reveal is that there are genuine differences between digital cables. You often read claims that it is not worth buying expensive digital cables but in this instance there is a BIG difference. Is that purely to do with the length of the cable? I doubt it. Electrons travel along a 1m cable in an almost un-measurable time.
Although originally a sceptic, have long recognised that hifi interconnect and speaker cables really can make a difference to the sound. I am interested to learn that digital cables are also significantly different.
Portability was a big factor, and hoping it would work with iphone (since there isn’t a lot of info on it)
The ssd itself works well however max transfer speed I’ve seen so far is approx 270 MB/S on magicbook pro using default hardware, nonetheless faster than my other HDD’s. I have noticed it heat up a lot in use, more than the 500gb version. In terms of wire / usb-c port connection, it feels a little flimsy and weak. The ssd has a front patterned surface and a rubber back both of which seem to attract dust.
Now onto iphone connection…I have tried both the 1TB and 500GB versions (with the supplied usb-c to usb adapter), both work with iphone (12 mini) via a genuine Apple Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter (make sure adapter is original as fake / defective wires have given me an unpredictable intermittent connection). In my experience the 1TB ssd loaded faster than 500GB on iphone.
Now Iphone allows you to view ssd contents BUT as soon you start saving iphone files onto it or tinkering with the ssd’s data you get the infamous ‘This accessory requires too much power’ sign. Even if you re-connect the ssd, once the sign appears once it keeps coming back. What worked to reverse it for me was actually connecting it to a laptop and deleting the iphone files saved on the ssd or the folders where data was altered. Another option is to scan for errors (whilst plugged into the computer), even if there are no errors I found that often the ssd starts working without needing ‘extra power’. Another option to try, this has given mixed results tbh is to connect the ssd to iphone whilst it is switched off then turn it back on and see if the sign reappears.
If you definitely want 2-way iphone-ssd use then you will need a power hub to power the hardrive (and also bypass the ‘…requires too much power’ message, or if none of the above options work to get rid of the message). I bought the ‘…RSHTECH 5 Port USB 3 Hub with 4 USB 3.0 Data Port + 1 Fast Charging Port Portable USB Splitter with 12V/2A…’ because it provided more power i.e 24W compared to similarly priced 5-port power hubs – so far so good! As a bonus iphone was able to read both ssds (1TB + 500gb) at once when plugged into the power hub.
In terms of folder load time there was no difference for me using a power hub vs none. I didn’t notice a difference in performance or predictability between an old iphone lightning cable vs latest lightning to usb-c cable. I have tried iphone (with ssd connected) plugged into a usb wall socket vs plugged into an apple 30w adapter, again no obv difference.
Another point to mention, with big folders around 90gb (raw files/4k videos) my iphone struggled to read the content despite loading for 20+ mins? The successful cut off for me has been around 65gb folder size max, anything larger definitely gets divided into smaller folders. I did notice some large 4k videos load slowly and freeze midway, but the ssd did let me save them directly on my iphone despite this so was able to view them better that way.
My Sandisk ssd-iphone experience so far (in summary):
Option 1 – viewing/saving ssd content on iphone -> no power hub required
Option 2 – deleting/altering ssd content and/or saving iphone content onto ssd -> power hub required
Hope that helps, I struggled A LOT to find info on iphone sandisk ssd connection so thought I’d share all of my recent findings.
On a sep note – the ssds worked absolutely fine with ipad Air 4th gen utilising it’s usb-c port so no adapter required. Literally a case of plug and play – and definitely a lot faster than on iphone.
1. Q: is it compatible with my iMac 2020 and iPad Pro 2018? (I’d read loads about compatibility issues and even contacted SanDisk who wouldn’t commit to a clear answer). A: so far it works well with both, but see the speed results below.
2. Q: what speed does it give in real life? (I wanted to have around 1000 MBPS read and write speed even after sustained use). A: I did a Speedtest (Black Magic) through the Mac and it’s giving approx. 950 MBPS read and write via the iMacs TB3 and USB port, which I’m very happy with. Remember, this is not a TB3 SSD. To get the full-rated 2000 MBps you’d need to use this with a USB 3.2 X2 port which my 2020 Mac doesn’t have. Speed when connected to iPad? I’m not sure yet, but I’ll revise this once I’ve worked it out. It’s very decent though.
3. Q: why this particular SSD if you can’t get the full speed out of it anyway?
A1: it’s fast enough for my needs right now, but it’s heavily future proofed for when speedier ports become available on Macs or iPads.
A2: it out performed similarly priced drives (Samsung T7, T5, Crucial X8, LaCie Rugged) and held its own against more expensive drives like Samsung X5, LaCie Rugged Pro, WD Black) with regards to speed and throttling, even after sustained use when transferring big files. (Throttling due to heat is a problem with many SSDs and claimed headline speeds aren’t achieved in real life due to this).
A3: it’s small, seems durable for travelling and has no sharp edges to scratch other equipment. It comes with a USB-C to USB-C and a USB-C to USB-A cable. Both are a good length (approx. 30cm) for placement behind an iMac.
A4: Its got a 5 year warranty.
My question was Should I go for the Extreme V2 (non-Pro version) rated at 1000 MBPS and save myself 45? The reviews are coming up decent as well for that one. Not quite as fast over sustained use, (approximately 800-ish), but if you don’t ever see yourself ever getting a USB3.2 X2 machine, that would be my second choice.